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Need help with Truth-Functional Logic please!

Hi, I need some help with Truth-Functional Logic please. Which of the following statements are true and which are false? Please explain if possible. Thanks.

1. If A ⊨ B, then B ⊨ A.

2. If ⊨ C and C ⊨ A, then ⊨ A.

3. If A ⊨ C, then A ∧ ¬C ⊨ C.

4. If A ∨ B ⊨ C ∧ D, then A ⊨ D.

Re: Need help with Truth-Functional Logic please!

First, clearly define your symbols in plain English. Then re-write your questions in English. Maybe then you will see the answers to your questions.

Re: Need help with Truth-Functional Logic please!

I thought the double turnstile means implication, but in that case what does

If ⊨ C and C ⊨ A, then ⊨ A

mean? I agree with Avi, what do these symbols mean in plain English?

Logic should be more than shuffling symbols around.

Re: Need help with Truth-Functional Logic please!

Hi, the double turnstile in this instance defines tautological entailment. So A ⊨ B would mean that A tautologically entails B. Assuming this, If you could please help me with these questions I would be eternally grateful. Thanks

Re: Need help with Truth-Functional Logic please!

Hi, the double turnstile means tautological entailment. When there is no letter before the double turnstile it means that there is nothing that can make this sentence false, so it is always true. The letters are symbolising any potential sentence in TFL. They are part of our metalanguage for talking about any arbitrary TFL sentence. In this case, could you please help me with answering these questions? Thank you!

Re: Need help with Truth-Functional Logic please!

Just to clarify: If there isn't a letter before the double turnstile, then this means that this is a tautology (it is true on every valuation).
If the double turnstile is between some sentences and a final sentence (conclusion), then it means that the sentences before the double turnstile tautological entail the sentences after it (tautological validity).
If there is just one letter before, and one after, this is tautological equivalence (they have the same truth value on every valuation)
You can use truth-tables to help demonstrate your answer if that helps. Thank you.

Re: Need help with Truth-Functional Logic please!

Ok Fred, Here's what I think :

1. This is false. Example : Let A = "The president was assassinated" and B = "The president is dead". A entails B but B doesn't entail A (because the president may be dead for other reasons).

2. This is an example of Modus Ponens, so it's true. Here's the truth table.

c a | c∧(c→a)→a
----|----------
1] 1 1 | 1 ✓
2] 1 0 | 1 ✓
3] 0 1 | 1 ✓
4] 0 0 | 1 ✓

3. This is true although at first sight it may appear to be a contradiction and therefore false. Truth table :

a c | (a→c)→(a∧¬c→c)
----|---------------
1] 1 1 | 1 ✓
2] 1 0 | 1 ✓
3] 0 1 | 1 ✓
4] 0 0 | 1 ✓

4. This is True.

a b c d | ((a∨b)→(c∧d))→(a→d)
--------|--------------------
1] 1 1 1 1 | 1 ✓
2] 1 1 1 0 | 1 ✓
3] 1 1 0 1 | 1 ✓
4] 1 1 0 0 | 1 ✓
5] 1 0 1 1 | 1 ✓
6] 1 0 1 0 | 1 ✓
7] 1 0 0 1 | 1 ✓
8] 1 0 0 0 | 1 ✓
9] 0 1 1 1 | 1 ✓
10] 0 1 1 0 | 1 ✓
11] 0 1 0 1 | 1 ✓
12] 0 1 0 0 | 1 ✓
13] 0 0 1 1 | 1 ✓
14] 0 0 1 0 | 1 ✓
15] 0 0 0 1 | 1 ✓
16] 0 0 0 0 | 1 ✓

Disclaimer : I'm not a professional logician like Avi, so if I were you I'd wait for his reply. :wink:

Re: Need help with Truth-Functional Logic please!

Hi Jack,

Thanks for the reply - this is truly helpful. I'm sure Avi will agree!

Re: Need help with Truth-Functional Logic please!

Thanks for your intervention, Jack. I have not checked your work, but you seem to know what you are doing.

Re: Need help with Truth-Functional Logic please!

Hi Fred. Sorry, I'm writing at this time and too busy to concentrate on anything else. I'm glad Jack responded to your queries.

Still, I reiterate what I said. I personally avoid getting entangled in symbols. My way is to re-write such sentences in plain English, and then look at them.

Symbols do not function directly in logic (as they do in maths, to a greater extent). They require the mind to first translate into natural language and then understand and evaluate them. That is why it is best to do the translation on paper first, rather than let the mind have to do it mentally. Saves time and improves understanding and accuracy.

Re: Need help with Truth-Functional Logic please!

@ Avi,

Are you working on a new book? I'm currently studying "Future Logic" and have a query, but it shouldn't take much of your time to answer. I see there's a thread already in progress for this so I'll ask it there.

Re: Need help with Truth-Functional Logic please!

Hi Jack, you're welcome. Yes, I'm writing again on various topics. Do I have your e-mail for announcements or documents? If not, go to TheLogician.net homepage and give it to me there.

Re: Need help with Truth-Functional Logic please!

Hi Jack. I've put you on my mailing list. I rarely communicate, but will keep you posted.

Re: Need help with Truth-Functional Logic please!

Thanks for your message. I just had one more question that I hoped you guys might be able to answer. I'm trying to symbolise the following sentence in TFL, using the symbolisation key below:

James is outraged unless Daisy doesn’t prefer salad to dessert, Ed doesn’t
hate Yorkshire puddings, and Ed doesn’t laugh.

Symbolisation key:

I: James loves ice cream
L: Ed laughs
O: James is outraged
S: Daisy prefers salad to dessert
Y : Ed hates Yorkshire puddings

So far, I've got this:

(O ↔ ¬(S ∧ Y ∧ L).

If anyone could help me with this I'd be truly grateful. Thanks again.

Re: Need help with Truth-Functional Logic please!

@ Avi, thanks!

@ Fred,

You have 3 propositions here. Let's take them one at a time.

1. James is outraged unless Daisy doesn’t prefer salad to dessert

"unless" is a conditional, and I find the easiest way to translate it is:

A unless B = if not-B, then A

Convince yourself that this is correct with some examples. e.g. "I'll go out unless it's raining" means "if it's not raining then I'll go out".

So using your key, proposition 1 is:

O unless not-S = if not-(not-S), then O.

ie, if S, then O (S => O)

The other two propositions are straightforward.

2. not-Y
3. not-L

The 3 propositions are combined conjunctively, so the final combined proposition is

(S => O) & ¬Y & ¬L

Re: Need help with Truth-Functional Logic please!

Hello Jack. Thanks for your participation again.

"I'll go out unless it's raining" means "if it's not raining then I'll go out". I would add: If it is raining, I won't go out." Always remember 'the negative side' - it is often forgotten.

I find the statement "James is outraged unless Daisy doesn’t prefer salad to dessert" a bit obscure. Presumably it primarily means: James is outraged if it is not true that Daisy doesn’t prefer salad to dessert, i.e. James is outraged if it is true that Daisy prefers salad to dessert. But we should add: James is not outraged if it is true that Daisy doesn’t prefer salad to dessert.

I have not looked at the rest of it.

Re: Need help with Truth-Functional Logic please!

Fred, another word of advice if I may. It is better for you to present your proposed solution to the problem and then have that corrected by others, than to ask others to do the thinking for you. One learns best from one's errors (if any), than from ready-made work by others.

Re: Need help with Truth-Functional Logic please!

Hi Jack,

Thanks again for your message. I think we have been taught to use disjunction if a sentence is in the form of 'unless A, B'. But it is important to note that we can also offer alternative disambiguations if they exist. I've got this (O ∨ ¬(S ∧ Y) ∧ L) as what I think is right, because it can be paraphrased in English as 'James is outraged unless it is not the case that Daisy prefers salad to desert and Ed hates Yorkshire puddings, and that Ed laughs.


Does this make sense? Thanks.

Re: Need help with Truth-Functional Logic please!

Thank you Avi. I've noted my idea of the solution below, but I'm not 100% sure about it. If you can think of any disambiguations for this statement that would be a real help. No worries if you don't have time, I really appreciate it nonetheless!

Re: Need help with Truth-Functional Logic please!

Avi, you wrote:


"I'll go out unless it's raining" means "if it's not raining then I'll go out". I would add: If it is raining, I won't go out." Always remember 'the negative side' - it is often forgotten.


Are you sure this is correct?

if "P unless Q" means "if not-Q then P", the contrapositive is "if not-P then Q", but this isn't the same as "if Q then not-P", which is what you're saying.

It's true that in this case they mean the same thing. But supposing the proposition is :

"The plant will die unless you water it".

Which means : "If you don't water the plant then it will die"

But this doesn't mean : "If you water the plant it will not die", because the plant might die for other reasons. It only means "If the plant doesn't die then you've watered it". Watering the plant is a necessary condition for it not dying, but not a sufficient condition.

Re: Need help with Truth-Functional Logic please!

Hi Jack and Avi,

Thanks for your messages. So far, I have come up with three possible disambiguations of this statement: James is outraged unless Daisy doesn’t prefer salad to dessert, Ed doesn’t hate Yorkshire puddings, and Ed doesn’t laugh.

The first one uses 'unless' to imply a disjunction, whereas the other two use a conditional. If you could comment on which ones you think most accurately represent the sentence in TFL I would be very thankful.

1. (O ∨ ¬(S ∧ Y ∧ L))

2. ((S → O) ∧ ¬Y ∧ ¬L)

3. ((S → O) ∧ (¬S → ¬O) ∧ ¬Y ∧ ¬L)

Re: Need help with Truth-Functional Logic please!

Jack, you're right, but not entirely. Inattention on my part, though.


"I'll go out unless it's raining" =
If it does not rain, then I will go out, AND
If it rains, not-then I will go out (i.e. in that event I may not go out).


"The plant will die unless you water it" =
If you don't water the plant, then it will die, AND
If you water the plant, not-then it will die (i.e. in that event it may not die)


A unless B =
If not B, then A, AND
If B, not-then A (i.e. if B, possibly not A)

The reason for this is to shut off the possibility of both "If not B, then A" and "if B, then A" being true, in which case A would be true categorically. The negative side ensures we have a conditional statement.


The negative side in both cases has a not-then (= a then-possibly-not) consequent.

I wrongly stated it as a then (or then-necessarily) statement.

My apology. Thanks for correcting me.


Re: Need help with Truth-Functional Logic please!

Avi,

Thanks for the clarification. As far as I'm aware modern propositional logic doesn't have a way of stating that a proposition B does NOT follow from another proposition A, like your innovation of "if A, not-then B", and in my opinion is all the poorer for it!



Re: Need help with Truth-Functional Logic please!

Fred
Hi Jack and Avi,

Thanks for your messages. So far, I have come up with three possible disambiguations of this statement: James is outraged unless Daisy doesn’t prefer salad to dessert, Ed doesn’t hate Yorkshire puddings, and Ed doesn’t laugh.

The first one uses 'unless' to imply a disjunction, whereas the other two use a conditional. If you could comment on which ones you think most accurately represent the sentence in TFL I would be very thankful.

1. (O ∨ ¬(S ∧ Y ∧ L))

2. ((S → O) ∧ ¬Y ∧ ¬L)

3. ((S → O) ∧ (¬S → ¬O) ∧ ¬Y ∧ ¬L)

Jack,

Number 2 most accurately represents the proposition, as I wrote previously.

Re: Need help with Truth-Functional Logic please!

Hi Jack, thanks for the reply. Whilst I do agree with you, do you think that the other representations are also acceptable? Could this sentence not be seen to use a disjunction rather than a conditional? And is it not also necessary to additionally note that (¬S → ¬O) is true in addition to what is presented in number 2? Thanks

Re: Need help with Truth-Functional Logic please!

Jack, logical conditioning is dealt in great detail in Future Logic,part III.

That said, the form If/not-then is nothing very new really. In ordinary discourse, we say commonly things like "if so and so, it does not follow that such and such". If X, not-then Y is stated in modern logic as simply the negation of if X then Y, i.e. as not(X->Y), i.e. X does not imply Y.

Keep in mind that for every form we need a counter form (though there are very rare exceptions, as I recall).

(Jack, please help Fred if you can. As I said, I am in the middle of a difficult bit of writing. It is difficult for me to turn my attention elsewhere. Many thanks.)

Re: Need help with Truth-Functional Logic please!

Hi Fred, I've taken the liberty of adding your e-mail to my mailing list.

Glad that Jack is answering your questions.

Re: Need help with Truth-Functional Logic please!

Fred,

Statements 1 and 3 don't really work.

1. O or ¬(S & Y & L)

By De Morgan's rule, the right disjunct is ¬S or ¬Y or ¬L, so you have O or ¬S or ¬Y or ¬L.

Rearranging, this is (¬S or O) or ¬Y or ¬L. Now, (¬S or O) is equivalent to S => O, which is what we need, and the remaining propositions ¬Y and ¬L should be combined conjunctively with this conditional according to the original statement, but they are instead combined disjunctively.


And is it not also necessary to additionally note that (¬S → ¬O) is true in addition to what is presented in number 2?


¬S => ¬O translates to "If Daisy does NOT prefer salad to dessert then James is NOT outraged". But this is saying more than your original statement, so I would say no, and in fact it would be wrong to include it. But see Avi's comment above regarding "it does not follow", and my reply to him below.

Of course there are often equivalent translations into logic for any given proposition, but they should all produce the same truth table. If you generate truth tables for your three statements you'll see that they are not equivalent.

There are many logic calculators online which will do the tedious work for you. A nice one is here:

https://www.erpelstolz.at/gateway/TruthTable.html

Re: Need help with Truth-Functional Logic please!

Avi,


Jack, logical conditioning is dealt in great detail in Future Logic,part III.

That said, the form If/not-then is nothing very new really. In ordinary discourse, we say commonly things like "if so and so, it does not follow that such and such". If X, not-then Y is stated in modern logic as simply the negation of if X then Y, i.e. as not(X->Y), i.e. X does not imply Y.


Yes, I'm currently studying FL. I guess my point was that modern logic has no way of "symbolically" representing a nonsequitur ("it does not follow"). The result of negating a conditional is

¬(p => q) = p & ¬q

But this doesn't have the same meaning as "q does not follow from p", or "if p, not-then q". It's one of the problems with a purely "truth-functional" logic as you clearly explain in Chapter 24.3.

Re: Need help with Truth-Functional Logic please!

Thanks Jack.

I just wanted to remind you of the first few questions I asked if thats ok. I noticed you used conditionals to represent the double-turnstile symbol in the truth table. In my textbook, the double turnstile is used to symbolise tautological validity between arbitrary sentences of TFL. It is not a symbol of TFL, but rather a symbol of augmented English used to describe arbitrary sentences of TFL. The conditional is a symbol of TFL, unlike the double-turnstile. Also, the letters in the questions are used to symbolise any arbitrary sentence of TFL, not specific ones.

Based on this information, would this change any of your answers?

I have put the questions I am struggling with below. Sorry to bring this up again, I just wanted to check.

Question: Are the following claims about tautological validity true or false?*
*If you could explain your position on each question that would be really useful.

1. If A ⊨ B, then B ⊨ A.
2. If A ⊨ C, then A ∧ ¬C ⊨ C.
3. If A ∨ B ⊨ C ∧ D, then A ⊨ C.

I also want to say how grateful I am for your help. I am working through this textbook by myself and your explanations have really helped me over the last week.

Thanks :)